In quality control, the manufacturing routine is usually established according to set practices, and the macroscopic methods are used to detect deviations from the norm. Ammonium salts, nitric acid, and nitrates springerlink. Economics of nitric acid production processes by intratec. Following figure shows the hysys flow diagram of this. Proposed rule for mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases. A mixture of h 2 so 4 and free so 3 is equivalent to a sulfuric acid concentration of over 100 %. It is used in manufacturing several types of polymers like polyamides and polyurethane. Handbook of pharmaceutical manufacturing formulations vol 5. The composite distillation columns consist of a multistage vacuum tower and an atmospheric pressure tower half of which consists of packed bed. C o m manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald process 2. Nitric acid production by the oxidation of ammonia on platinum.
Wilhelm ostwald developed the process, and he patented it in 1902. Manufacturing process of sodium chloride worldofchemicals. Booklet nr 2 production of nitric acid by fertilizers. Nov 19, 2017 hno3 manufacturing with process flow diagram 1. The direct strong nitric acid process is similar to the weak nitric acid process, but has additional processing steps that bypass the azeotrope to produce strong nitric acid.
It is also used for manufacturing nitrogenbased compounds like nylon as well. Enhanced plant design for the production of azeotropic nitric. Some nitric acid is used as an intermediate in the polymer industry for manufacturing polyamides and polyurethanes. Varying the pressure not only extends catalyst life, but also keeps the nitric acid concentration low as it exits the condenser, fostering its absorption into water. Nitric acid is most commonly manufactured by ostwald process. A nitric acid recovery process using composite distillation columns was modeled and simulated. Nitric acid is used in the production of ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate which. Uses of nitric acid what are the uses of nitric acid. Technical support document for the nitric acid production. A process for producing strong nitric acid having a concentration of at least about 90% hno 3 which comprise continuously. Pdf nitric acid production engr sajid chaudhary academia. Electrochemical synthesis of nitric acid from air and ammonia.
Nitric acid clarke major reference works wiley online. The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing nitric acid wherein a gaseous mixture, including air and ammonia, is transported on a catalyst including platinum to carry out catalytic oxidation of the ammonia, and is characterized in that a sulfurated component is added to the gaseous mixture. The manufacture of nitric acid johnson matthey technology. Process flow diagram for production of nitric acid and ammonium nitrate. Cocatalysts, process, pressure, nitric oxide, nitric acid. Process basis process basis ammonia is reacted with air on platinumrhodium alloy catalysts in the oxidation section of nitric acid plants. Nitric acid is used either in combination with hydrochloric acid or alone to clean glass cover slips and glass slides for highend microscopy applications. The ammonia, initially, is converted to nitric oxide over the precious metal gauze, and. Nitric acid is witnessing rising demand for the manufacturing of fertilizers, nylon, explosives, and a variety of industrially useful organic and inorganic compounds, including adipic acid, toluene diisocyanate tdi, and nitrobenzene. The plants range in size from 6,000 to 700,000 tons per year.
Most of the artificial brines are obtained by pumping water into underg. N2o emissions and nitric acid production process n2o emissions from nitric acid are a byproduct of the process stream and therefore. Understanding the 3 different nitric acid production. Us4185024a nitric acid process for the manufacture of. The nitric acid process the foundation of the modern nitric acid process was laid by kuhlmann in 1838 when he filed a patent for the catalytic oxidation of platinum metals rev. Sodium chloride is commonly called rock salttable salt. Nitric oxide and water are formed in this process according to the main equation. Nitric acid was the first adopted oxidizer for copper cmp. Commercial salt is manufactured from rock salt, as well as from seawater and other natural and artificial brines. There are three types of sulphuric acid process, according to the condition of the calci. Pdf decontamination of hydrochloric and nitric acids. A process for the manufacture of anthraquinones in which obenzyltoluene is first oxidized with 25 to 50 weight% nitric acid at atmospheric pressure and moderate temperatures, and then further oxidized with a more dilute nitric acid at elevated temperatures and pressures to yield crude obenzoylbenzoic acid. The process design is started on a conceptual level and ended on a.
The objective is to design a plant from raw material to product for the production of aniline by direct amination of benzene. Pdf process flow diagram for production of nitric acid. Iso 14104 is one of the standards detailing this well known procedure. The conversion to nitric acid takes place in two main stages. Best available techniques for pollution prevention and control in the european fertilizer industry. Technologiesnitric aciddual pressure processen ceamag. In this article the author outlines some of the principal features of this process, and describes in some detail the chemical reaction taking place at the platinum surface.
The mono pressure process where the low pressure at the absorption stage leads to limitation of acid concentration and more ammonia consumption for nox abatement, for small or middle size plants, the mono pressure plants lp are often chosen, the slight increasing of operation cost is compensated by a low capex. Ammonia may be used directly as a fertilizer see chapter x or converted to ammonium salts, nitrates, or urea. All three processes have their place in nitric acid plant design, depending on strategic goals and other factors. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Commercial nitric acid hno 3 and ammonia nh 3 are mostly produced through the ostwald process and the haberbosch process, respectively. Handbook of pharmaceutical manufacturing formulations vol. Advanced process design of nitric acid plants mafiadoc. Epa450391026 alternative control techniques document nitric and adipic acid manufacturing plants emission standards division u. By far, the major source of nitrogen oxides no x is the tailgas from the acid absorption tower. Emission of n 2 o from nitric acid production has been estimated at 11. Simplified block diagram of ostwald process for nitric acid production. About 70 percent of the nitric acid produced is consumed as an intermediate in the manufacture of. Process analysis and plant design for manufacturing of nitric acid.
Nitric acid is also commonly used as rocket propellants in the aerospace industry. The ostwald process is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry, and it provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. Nitric acid is an inorganic chemical that is used in the manufacture of nitrogenbased fertilizers, adipic acid, and explosives. In failure studies, one often does not know specific details of the manufacturing. Design of an industrial process for the production of. Production of nitric acid commercially nitric acid is made from ammonia in a threestep process known as the ostwald process. From chile saltpeter nano3 and h2so4 react to produce nahso4 and hno3 electric oxidation of air n2 and o2 react in the presence of electricity to form no and more o2 produces no2 and then this is mixed with water to produce hno3.
Us6264910b1 process for the production of nitric acid. Proceedings are available either for download as a pdf, or a printed copy which is posted to you. Another use for nitric acid is in the oxidation process for the manufacture of adipic acid. Economics of nitric acid production processes published on nov 6, 2015 impartial feasibility studies focused on nitric acid manufacturing economics, showing capex, opex, key process indicators and. Introduction nitric acid is a colourless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. The vacuum tower and the atmospheric pressure tower were modeled by using equilibrium stage method and nonequilibrium stage method. Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by ostwald process. A process for the production of nitric acid using the dualpressure process in which the ammonia is burnt at an initial low pressure with the aid of compressed process air and the nitrous gases formed during combustion are at least partly absorbed by water at a second pressure which is higher than the first. These manufacturing companies are offering best quality nitric acid at suitable price. Nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. The principal chemical produced from nitric acid is ammonium nitrate. Handbook of pharmaceutical manufacturing formulations vol 4. They all produce acid with 6068% concentration, and each uses essentially the same nitric acid plant design. Processes for the production of nitric acid are based on the ostwald process.
Technical support document for the nitric acid production sector. A solution of nitric acid, water and alcohol, nital, is used for etching metals to reveal the microstructure. The fertilizer industry uses weak nitric acid in the range of 50 to 65% strength and thus the high concentration above 70% weight nitric acid production process is not included. The manufacturing of nitric acid for use in fertilizers, plastics, dyes, textiles, and other industrial products, has evolved to three industrystandard processes. Sep 02, 2014 nitric acid is witnessing rising demand for the manufacturing of fertilizers, nylon, explosives, and a variety of industrially useful organic and inorganic compounds, including adipic acid, toluene diisocyanate tdi, and nitrobenzene. However, high energy demand and enormous greenhouse gas accompy these processes. Most of this is used in fertilizers, although a relatively small amount is used to make explosives. The nitric acid can then be used in the manufacture of countless numbers of different nitrogencontaining compounds. Salt is mostly produced by evaporation of seawater. Ostwald process for producing nitric acid worldofchemicals. Nitric acid production by the oxidation of ammonia on platinum gauzes constitutes one of the worlds major chemical industries. We analyzed the manufacturing process of a tire manufacturing companies in hungary, by exemplifying the stages value stream. Sulfuric acid plant electrical conductivity is the most costeffective technique for both monitoring process conditions and safeguarding process equipment.
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald process slideshare. The nitric acid leaving the absorber contains a certain amount of nox dissolved occurring a red colour of the acid. A process of claim 1 wherein the water required in step b is supplied by aqueous nitric acid having a concentration below about 68. The ostwald process is a chemical process used for making nitric acid hno 3.
He also discusses the changes that occur in the gauze leading to metal loss during operation. Figure 3 process flow diagram for highstrength nitric acid production from weak nitric acid source. Nitric acid is also used for metal etching and processing of ferrous metals. Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia and is a key chemical in the manufacture of fertilizers. Raw materials, products the starting material for sulphuric acid manufacture is clean, dry so2, 8 to 12% in o2, n2, so2, co2, so3 gas. Processes for the manufacture of nitric acid international. Get here the database of nitric acid cas no 7697372, nitric acid manufacturers, nitric acid suppliers and exporters. This may be nitric, hydrochloric or sulphuric but this booklet is concerned only with processes using the sulphuric acid route since this is the process normally used in the production of fertilizers in europe. Alternative control techniques document nitric and adipic. Information on the chemical and physical properties, manufacturing processes, materials of construction, uses, safety and health, analytical methods, and producers of. First a measured concentration profile is discussed, gained during commissioning while operating an absorption tower outside the normal. As mentioned previously, ammonia is the source of more than 95% of the chemical nitrogen fertilizer currently produced in the world.
The vacuum tower and the atmospheric pressure tower were modeled by using equilibrium stage method and nonequilibrium stage method respectively. Nitric acid, history of nitric acid production, nitric acid production processes. This mixture is called fuming sulfuric acid or oleum. Nitric acid nitrations are used in producing nitrobenzene, dinitrotoluenes, and other chemical intermediates.
What are the uses of nitric acid on an industrial level, and. Advanced process design of nitric acid plants ralph grob and paul mathias aspen technology, inc. Nitric acid manufacturers, nitric acid suppliers and exporters. Ostwald process for producing nitric acid 201458 nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. This causes nitric acid to be produced and the pressure of the residual gas, which is. Feb 02, 2019 for the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration.
The resulting acid vapor is condensed to form 98 to 99 percent nitric acid. Modeling and simulation of a nitric acid recovery process. Nitric acid is the building block chemical for the production of many other chemical compounds. The ostwald process is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry, and it provides the main raw material for. In order to eliminate the dissolved nox, the acid is strip in the bleaching column c202 by hot secondary air coming from the air compressor k102 via the ammonia superheater e102. The main goal of this work consisted in improving the knowledge on the process for nitrobenzene production under operating conditions similar to the ones used in the. All modern commercial nitric acid processes are based on the catalytic oxidation of ammonia over a platinum catalyst. Exergy analyzing method in process integration of the nitric acid production plant 111 ln 1 2 0 p p gr t h ex t lm cons.